Norman Loayza is Director of the Global Indicators Group at the World Bank. At the Social Security Institute, he promoted legal changes to reform pensions and extend coverage to rural workers was responsible for the provision of health services to 45 million people, introducing preventive health programs and electronic medical records managed pensions for 2.5 million people and day care centers for 230,000 children managed $8 billion in reserves and collected annually $20 billion in social security contributions. At the Ministry of Finance, he was the main architect of Progresa-Oportunidades, Mexico’s incentive-based health, nutrition, and education program for the poor managed the transition from generalized to targeted subsidies promoted legal reforms to decentralize resources to states and municipalities participated in the change of the pay-as-you-go to the capitalized pension system promoted a regional plan to develop Mexico’s southern region and drafted and negotiated six budgets with the Federal Congress. From 1994 to 2000, he served as the deputy minister at the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit of Mexico. From 2008 to 2018 he was the vice president for sectors and knowledge at the Inter-American Development Bank. He was previously president of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association. Santiago Levy is a nonresident senior fellow with the Global Economy and Development Program at Brookings. Lead Economist in the Development Research Group, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit at the World Bank Vice President for Sectors and Knowledge, IADBĭirector of the Global Indicators Group at the World BankĬhief Economist for the Latin America and Caribbean region in the World Bank Group Topic: Workforce Composition, Productivity, and Labor Regulations in a Compensating Differentials Theory of Informality Topic: Entrepreneurial Human Capital and Firm Informality Topic: Working and saving informally: The Link between Labor Market Informality and Financial Exclusion. University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill Topic: Climate Policies, Labor Markets, and Macroeconomic Outcomes in Emerging Economies Topic: Labor Market Informality, Risk, and Public Insurance ![]() Topic: Research Issues on Productivity and Informality Nonresident senior fellow at The Brookings Institution. Topic: Enlisting Employees in Improving Payroll-Tax Compliance: Evidence from Mexico Topic: Enforcement of Labour Regulation and the Labour Market Effects Of Trade: Evidence From Brazil Topic: Increasing the Cost of Informal Workers: Evidence from Mexico Topic: The Labor Market Effects of Part-Time Contributions to Social Security: Evidence from Colombia Topic: Two-tier Tax systems and firms: evidence from Brazil Topic: Firms, policies, informality, and the labor market Topic: Cash Transfers and Formal Labor Markets: Evidence from Brazil ![]() Topic: Does an Increasing Minimum Wage Reduce Formal Sector Employment? Evidence from Brazil Topic: Setting the stage: Social Security Systems in LAC
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